Where can I find information on Lumber Grade Rules and Grade Stamps?

Where can I find information on Lumber Grade Rules and Grade Stamps?

The most recent information on grade rules and grade stamps can be obtained from The American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC), Incorporated website for untreated and treated lumber. These links give access to facsimile lists of ALSC-certified grading rules, accredited agencies and sample grade stamps. ALSC can be reached via email at alsc@alsc.org or 301-972-1700.

Where can I find information on glulam adhesive manufacturers?

Where can I find information on glulam adhesive manufacturers?

Here is a list of adhesive manufacturers for ASTM D2559 adhesives. These are phenol resorcinol adhesives that are used by glulam manufacturers. Epoxies are not used in glulam.

Borden Chemical
180 East Broad Street
Columbus, OH 43215
Phone: (614) 225-4000
Website: http://www.bordenchem.com/home.asp

Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc.
133 Peachtree St., N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30303
Phone: (866) 447-2436
Website: http://www.gp.com/chemical

National Casein® Company Headquarters
601 W. 80th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60620
Phone: (773) 846.7300
Fax: (773) 487.5709
E-mail: contact@nationalcasein.com
Website: http://www.nationalcasein.com

Dynea USA Inc.
475 North 28th Street
Springfield, OR 97477
Phone: (541) 746-6501
Website: http://www.dynea.com/

Where can I find design values, span tables, allowable load tables and other information for structural glued-laminated timber?

Where can I find design values, span tables, allowable load tables and other information for structural glued-laminated timber?

Chapter 5 of the 2005 NDS contains design information for glued-laminated timber.

Click here for more information on glulam

Where can I find publications on fire retardant treated wood?

Where can I find publications on fire retardant treated wood?

Visit http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/document-lists/firelist.html

Consult with the individual manufacturers of FRT chemicals and treaters for additional questions or information.

Arch Wood Protection, Inc.
1955 Lake Park Drive, Suite 250
Smyrna, Georgia 30080
Phone: (770) 801-6600
Toll-free: (866) USE-FRTW (873-3789)
Fax: (770) 801-1990
Email: info@dricon.com
Website: http://www.dricon.com


Hoover Treated Wood Products
154 Wire Road
PO Box 746
Thomson, GA 30824
General Information: hoover@frtw.com
Technical Support: support@frtw.com
Sales: sales@frtw.com
Phone: (706) 595-1264
Fax: (706) 595-8462
Website: http://www.frtw.com


J. H. Baxter & Co., a CLP
1700 El Camino Real, Suite 200
P.O. Box 5902
San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: (800) 780-7073 or (650) 349-0201
Fax: (650) 570-6878
E-mail: info@jhbaxter.com
Website: http://www.jhbaxter.com

Osmose Holdings, Inc.
980 Ellicott Street
Buffalo, New York 14209
Phone: (716) 882-5905
Fax: (716) 882-5139
E-mail: info@osmose.com
Website: http://www.osmose.com

CSI
200 East Woodlawn Road, Suite 350
Charlotte, NC 28217
Pgone: (800) 421-8661
Fax: (704) 527-8232
E-mail: http://www.treatedwood.com/contactus/
Website: http://www.treatedwood.com/products/dblaze/


LITERATURE CITATIONS

APA 1989a Fire-retardant-treated plywood roof sheathing: Prediction of Performance. Report No. #SPE-1019. American Plywood Association, Tacoma, WA.

APA 1989b Fire-retardant-treated plywood roof sheathing: General Information. Report No. #SPE-1007. American Plywood Association, Tacoma, WA.

ASTM. 1995a Standard test method for mechanical fasteners in wood. D1761-88. American Society for Testing and Materials. Vol. 4.10. Phila. PA.

ASTM. 1995b. Standard test method for evaluating the flexural properties of fire-retardant treated softwood plywood exposed to elevated temperatures. D5516-94. American Society for Testing and Materials. Vol. 4.10. Phila. PA.

ASTM. 1995c Standard test method for evaluating the effects of fire-retardant treatments and elevated temperatures on strength properties of fire-retardant treated lumber. D5664-95. American Society for Testing and Materials. Vol. 4.10. Phila. PA.

AWPA 1995. Book of Standards, American Wood Preservers' Association. Woodstock, MD

Lebow, P. K., Winandy, J. E. 1997. Verification and implications of kinetic models for thermal degradation of strength of fire-retardant-treated wood. (in-progress).

Lebow, S.T., Winandy, J. E. 1997. Effect of fire-retardant treatments on plywood pH and the relationship of pH to strength properties. Wood Sci & Tech (submitted).

LeVan, S. L., Collet, Mary, Choosing and Applying Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood and Lumber for Roof Designs USDA-FS, Forest Products Laboratory http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr62.pdf

LeVan, S. L., Winandy, J. E. 1990. Effects of fire-retardant treatments on wood strength: A review. Wood and Fiber Sci. 22(1):113-131.

Ross, R. J., Winandy, J. E. 1990. Effects of fire retardant chemicals on the bending properties of wood at elevated temperatures. Research Paper FPL-RP-498. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

LeVan, S. L., Kim, J. M., Nagel, R. J., Evans, J. W. 1996. Mechanical properties of fire-retardant-treated plywood after cyclic temperature exposure. Forest Products J. 46(5):64-71.

NAHB. 1990. Homebuilders guide to fire retardant treated plywood: Evaluation, testing and replacement. National Association of Homebuilders, National Research Center, Upper Marlboro, MD 49 pg.

Pasek, E. A., McIntyre, C. R. 1990. Heat effects on fire retardant treated wood. J. of Fire Sci. 8:405-420.

Ross, R. J., LeVan, S. L., Winandy, J. E. 1990. Fire retardant wood inspection Proc. of 7th NDE Conf. Wash St U., Pullman, WA. p.283.

Ross, R. J., Cooper, J. L., Wang, Z. 1992. In-place evaluation of fire- retardant-treated plywood. Proc. of 9th NDE Conf. Wash St U., Pullman, WA.

Sweet, Mitchell S., LeVan, S. L., White, Robert H., De Groot, Rodney, Fire Performance of Wood Treated with Combined Fire-Retardant and Preservative Systems Forest Products Laboratory. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp545.pdf

Winandy, J. E., Ross, R. J., LeVan, S. L. 1991a. Fire-retardant-treated wood: Research at the Forest Products Laboratory. Proc. of 2nd International Timber Engineering Conference, T.R.A.D.A., London, England.

Winandy, J. E., LeVan, S. L., Ross, R. J., Hoffman, S. P., McIntyre, C. R. 1991b. Effects of extended exposure to elevated temperatures on untreated and monoammonium phosphate-treated plywood. Research Paper FPL-RP-
501. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Winandy, J. E. 1997. Effects of fire retardant retention, borate buffers, and redrying temperature after treatment on thermal-induced degradation. Forest Products J. (submitted)

Winandy, J. E., Lebow, P.K. 1996. Kinetic models for thermal degradation of strength of fire-retardant-treated wood. Wood and Fiber Sci. 28(1):39-52.

Winandy, J. E., Lebow, P.K., W.Nelson. 1997 Development of models to predict bending strength from a test of screw-withdrawal force for FRT plywood roof sheathing. Research Paper FPL-RP-___ (In-press). Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Winandy, J.E., E.L. Schmidt. 1995. Preliminary development of remedial treatments for thermally degraded fire-retardant-treated wood. Forest Products J. 45(2):51-52.

Winandy, J. E. 1995. Effects of fire retardant treatments after 18 months of exposure at 150F (66C). Research Note FPL-RN-0264. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Winandy, J. E., Beaumont, R. 1995. Roof temperatures in simulated attics. Research Paper FPL-RP-543. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

Woo, J.K. 1981 Effect of thermal exposure on strength of wood treated with fire-retardants. Ph.D Thesis. Dept Wood Science, Univ of California, Berkeley, CA.

How does fire retardant treatment (FRT) affect fire endurance? Does fire retardant treatment (FRT) make wood non-combustible?

How does fire retardant treatment (FRT) affect fire endurance?
Does fire retardant treatment (FRT) make wood non-combustible?

Fire retardant treatments (FRT) on wood products retard the ability of flames to spread across the surface of wood products. However, fire retardants do not reduce the rate at which wood degrades when subjected to an external heat source. Accordingly, fire retardant treatments do not impact fire endurance ratings to any significant extent.

FRT wood does not meet the requirements for non-combustible materials. However, in recognition of its very low flamespread characteristic, building codes typically allow FRT wood to be used in certain non-structural applications in buildings otherwise required to be of non-combustible construction.

See also: FRT Publications

Where can I find information on fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) wood composites?

Where can I find information on fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) wood composites?

Here are a couple of contacts for information on fiber reinforcing for products like glulam:

Dr. Habib Dagher
Advanced Engineered Wood Composites Lab
University of Maine - Orono

Phone: (207) 581-2138
E-mail: habib.dagher@umit.maine.edu
Website: http://www.aewc.umaine.edu/



APA - The Engineered Wood Association

American Institute of Timber Construction



Bruce Pooley, Colorado P.E.
Phone: (303) 989-8701
E-mail: bdpooley@comcast.net

Where can I find information on formwork design?

Where can I find information on formwork design?

AWC's WCD #3. Design of Wood Formwork for Concrete Structures (T13). 1987 NO LONGER IN PRINT. For archival information, contact the AWC Help Desk.

The APA-The Engineered Wood Association published Concrete Forming available for free on their website.

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) published the Guide to Formwork for Concrete available on their website.

How are the floor joist span tables calculated and used?

How are the floor joist span tables calculated and used?

Floor joist span tables are tabulated based on allowable deflection limits of L/360. Floor live loads range from 30 psf for sleeping areas to 40 psf for other occupancies. Ceiling joist span tables are tabulated based on allowable deflection limits of L/240.

Typically a user will know the span and desired spacing for a given application. The user can select a species, size, and grade for trial use. Using the Design Values for Joists and Rafters, the user determines the modulus of elasticity and bending design value of the species, grade and size of lumber. Bending design values are already adjusted for load duration and repetitive member factors in the Design Values Supplement. With this information the user enters the span table with the given modulus of elasticity and determines the allowable span for an estimated size and spacing. If the allowable span is greater than that required for the application, the species, grade and size selected should then be verified for bending strength. At the bottom of each table, required bending design strengths for specific joist spacing are tabulated. If the bending design value selected from the Design Values Supplement is greater than the tabulated required bending design value, then the species and grade chosen is adequate. If the bending design value is less than the tabulated value then the user can either select a deeper member, decrease the joist spacing or select a higher lumber grade, thus a higher bending design value. For either option, modulus of elasticity has to be re-evaluated to ensure the deflection limits are maintained. Linear interpolation for intermediate design values is permitted.

More details available in the tutorial.

What are the building codes in Florida?

What are the building codes in Florida?

* The Florida Building Code is developed by the Florida Building Commission utilizing model code provisions as a "template." This means, that the Florida Building Code is a highly amended version of a model building code.

The 2001 Florida Building Code template was the 1999 edition of the legacy Standard Building Code (SBC). (The Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc., consolidated with the International Council of Building Officials and the Building Officials and Code Administrators International to form the International Code Council a few years ago.) But, the model code provisions were greatly amended to incorporate provisions of the legacy South Florida Building Code for Broward County (Fort Lauderdale) and Dade County (Miami) – called High Velocity Hurricane Zones (HVHZ) – and the structural provisions of the 2000 International Building Code. The template was also modified by incorporating various rules of Florida administrative departments, which addressed construction issues, and the personal biases of Commission members.


2004 building codes becomes effective October 1st, 2005.
For more information, visit http://www.floridabuilding.org/

Where can I obtain info on fire tests related to post-frame building design?

Where can I obtain info on fire tests related to post-frame building design?

Warnock Hersey published a report on a 1-hour fire test. For more information, contact Warnock Hersey at (608) 836-4400.

For any additional help, contact AWC's Help Desk.

Where can I get information on firestopping and draftstopping for concealed spaces?

Where can I get information on firestopping and draftstopping for concealed spaces?

Design of firestopping and draftstopping for concealed spaces. Recommendations on where and how fire/draftstopping should be used to prevent spread of fire by restricting movement of flame, air, gasses, and smoke in buildings. 16 pages. (T45) Order from our brochure.

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance (Typical occupancies). Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies to show how buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. (T56) Order from our brochure.


And for large buildings:

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance for Large Buildings. Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies of large (50,000 sq. ft.) buildings. Shows how large buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. 51 pages. (T57) Order from our brochure.

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance (Typical occupancies). Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies to show how buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. (T56) Order from our brochure.


And for large buildings:

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance for Large Buildings. Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies of large (50,000 sq. ft.) buildings. Shows how large buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. 51 pages. (T57) Order from our brochure.

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Where can I find information on building construction and fire insurance costs?

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance (Typical occupancies). Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies to show how buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. (T56) Order from our brochure.


And for large buildings:

Construction Costs and Fire Insurance for Large Buildings. Compares construction and fire insurance costs for various types of construction and occupancies of large (50,000 sq. ft.) buildings. Shows how large buildings of wood construction can actually save the owner money over the entire life of the structure. 51 pages. (T57) Order from our brochure.

For one-hour fire-rated wood joist assemblies, how do I compensate using a 2x8 rather than a 2x10?

For one-hour fire-rated wood joist assemblies, how do I compensate using a 2x8 rather than a 2x10?

One-hour rated floor/ceiling assemblies that are derived by ASTM E119 testing are typically constructed with 2x10 or 2x12 joists. Joists of lesser depths, such as 2x8, are generally not permitted to be substituted unless the assembly is retested. However, with approval of the building official, the empirical methods in IBC 721.6 and AF&PA's DCA4 can be used to estimate fire endurance times for 2x8 floor/ceiling assemblies without testing.

Where can I find information on federal specifications and standards for lumber and wood products?

Where can I find information on federal specifications and standards for lumber and wood products?

A publication entitled Index of Federal Specifications and Standards for Lumber and Wood Products including Product Standards, Commercial Standards, Military Specifications, Government Construction Guide Specifications, Industry Standards and Grading Rules dated February 1990 is an out of print AF&PA publication. A more current source of information is one of the following:


National Institute of Building Science (NIBS) http://www.nibs.org Construction Criteria Base (CCB) http://www.ccb.org

or

The Guide to Wood Design Information, http://www.woodinfo.org/GWDhome.htm

Where can I find more information on the benefits of wood construction?

Where can I find more information on the benefits of wood construction?

Some Little Known Facts About Wood. Helps explain why wood has had lasting appeal for centuries and why its benefits continue to make sense for a variety of building applications today. 12 pages. (T62) Contact the AWC Helpdesk awcinfo@afandpa.org

Is there any criteria as to length of building with wood products in which a thermal expansion joint is required?

Is there any criteria as to length of building with wood products in which a thermal expansion joint is required?

Thermal expansion/contraction for wood is minimal. The LUSDA Forest Products Lab Wood Handbook, Chapter 3. Page 3-21 outlines thermal expansion coefficients for wood, which are almost microscopic. Any expansion joint would be based on roofing material requirements.

Where can I find information on dowel bearing strength for plywood and OSB?

Where can I find information on dowel bearing strength for plywood and OSB?

See the 2005 NDS section 11.3.2. Table 11.3.2B has strengths for wood structural panels (OSB).

Where can I learn more about Design Professional Membership?

Where can I learn more about Design Professional Membership?

Design Professionals need to stay abreast of progressive wood industry issues and changing building design standards. To help professionals stay informed about the technical issues affecting the wood industry, the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) offers Design Professional Membership in its American Wood Council (AWC).

The American Wood Council (AWC), a product group of AF&PA, provides wood design and construction information to assist engineers and architects, develops structural and fire performance data on a wide range of traditional and engineered wood products, and engages in long-term research.

For $100/yr**, Design Professional Members receive:

* Optional listing in AF&PA Design Professional Services Directory with description of professional services.

* Member discounts on Technical Publications.

* AWC IMPACT newsletter

* Wood Design Focus, the Forest Products Society quarterly journal of contemporary wood engineering.

* Wood Design and Building, a quarterly North American magazine on design and construction of modern wood buildings.

* Frequent updates on wood industry developments, association activity, new publications, and special reports on engineering, building codes, standards, fire technology, and research projects.

* Announcements of seminars offering CEU credits.

* Access to technical information with a direct 800 phone number to AWC.

** per year, $150 Outside US & Canada, $50 Students (verification required)

Dues, contributions, or gifts to AF&PA are not deductible as a charitable contribution for income tax purposes. Payments, however, may be tax deductible as ordinary and necessary business expenses subject to restrictions imposed by recent federal tax law changes. No portion of your design professional member dues are allocable to lobbying.

Do you have information on toe-nail connections?

Do you have information on toe-nail connections?

http://www.awc.org/pdf/ndsdesignaid.pdf

Where can I find design values for lumber and glued laminated timber?

Where can I find design values for lumber and glued laminated timber?

Shear parallel to grain (Fv) values along with compression perpendicular to grain (Fc⊥), bending (Fb), tension parallel to grain (Ft), compression parallel to grain (Fc), and modulus of elasticity (E) values are located in the NDS supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction .

Where do I find decking design values?

Where do I find decking design values?

The National Design Specification® (NDS®) Supplement tables list design values for 2x and larger decking.

The American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) provides a Policy for Evaluation of Recommended Spans for Span Rated Decking Products. Here's more information on their website: http://www.alsc.org/untreated_spanrated_mod.htm

You will need to contact the specific grading agencies to obtain their span ratings for various species. A list of those agencies is on the ALSC website as well.

Lateral design values for lumber diaphragms and shear walls are available in Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic .

Also see the Span Tables FAQ for span information on decking.
Also see Tongue and Groove Roof Decking - WCD #2.
Also see Plank-And-Beam Framing for Residential Buildings - WCD #4.

Where can I find information on post-frame buildings?

Where can I find information on post-frame buildings?

Design for Code Acceptance (DCA) #5 provides guidance to post-frame building designers for meeting the requirements of the 2000 International Building Code and to confirm that a properly designed post-frame building is in fact code compliant.

Download it here: http://www.awc.org/Publications/dca/DCA5/dca5.pdf

Where can I find design values for cypress for structural use?

Where can I find design values for cypress for structural use?

The NDS Supplement provides design values for Bald Cypress.

What is creep and how can I address it?

What is creep and how can I address it?

Creep is the time-dependent deformation of loaded member undergoing elastic deformation.

The National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) addresses creep in section 3.5.2-Long Term Loading. Under long term loading, the expected (average) deflection would be 1.5 times the initial deflection for seasoned lumber and 2.0 times the initial deflection for unseasoned lumber. Long term loading will cause a permanent set of about 1/2 the creep deflection.

The creep deflection varies anywhere from zero to twice the initial deflection. This means that the total deflection can vary from the initial deflection to as much as three times the initial deflection.

Forest Products Laboratory's Wood Handbook Chapter 4.

Where can I find information on wall bracing requirements at corners with openings?

Where can I find information on wall bracing requirements at corners with openings?

The requirement for panels or let-in bracing in the corners of conventionally-constructed walls is, in general a non-engineered detail that provides lateral resistance of the wall assembly and structure when subjected to lateral loads such as occur during wind or seismic events. Overturning restraint, in this case is provided by the dead load acting on the wall and/or anchorage provided by perpendicular walls. However, when openings occur near the corners, the aspect ratio (height/length) of the wall located at the corner will vary with the type of construction (braced wall panel vs. shearwall) used as well as the size of the opening..

Basic Requirements
Section R602.10.4 of the International Residential Code (IRC) provides basic wall bracing requirements and specifies the minimum length of braced wall panels for different types of exterior sheathing - in general this is 4 feet. Therefore, where an opening exists near a corner, the minimum length of braced wall panel required (at the corner and elsewhere) is 4 feet for an 8 foot high wall.

Using Continuous Structural Panel Sheathing
Using wood structural panel sheathing (OSB or Plywood) on all sheathable areas of all exterior walls and interior braced wall lines as well as having corners constructed in accordance with IRC Figure R602.10.5, can reduce the minimum length of braced panel required as per Table R602.10.5 (e.g. can reduce the min. 4 foot length to a 2 foot length of braced wall panel for an 8 foot high wall, or to a 2-1/2 foot length for a 10 foot high wall - provided the maximum opening height next to this braced wall panel is 65% of the wall height.

R602.10.6 provides further options where one can essentially use 2 foot 8 inch panels (min.) for walls up to 10 feet in height with no restriction on max. opening height - but this requires the use of tie-down devices, and other additional fastening and sheathing requirements.

Note that recent code change proposals for the upcoming 2006 IRC are looking to permit walls with 6:1 aspect ratios used with continuous structural panel sheathing.


Using Shear Walls
In the American Forest & Paper Association's Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM), braced panels are not required in the building corners since engineered solutions using structural shearwalls and holddowns are provided.

"Holddowns are required at the end of each Type I shearwall segment or at each end of a Type II shearwall. When full-height shearwalls meet at a corner, a single holddown can be used to resist the overturning forces in each direction."

Where can I obtain information on construction tolerances?

Where can I obtain information on construction tolerances?

Frequently Asked Questions

Where can I obtain information on construction tolerances?

The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) publishes a publication titled, Residential Construction Performance Guidelines, which has information on construction tolerances. There is both a homeowners version and a contractors version. Visit http://www.builderbooks.com/ for ordering information.

National Association of Home Builders
1201 15th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005

Phone: (202) 266-8200
Toll-Free: (800) 368-5242
Fax: (202) 266-8400

Where can I find manufacturers of prefabricated wood connectors?

Where can I find manufacturers of prefabricated wood connectors?

Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc.
4120 Dublin Blvd., Suite 400
Dublin, CA 94568

Phone: (925) 560-9000
Fax: (925) 833-1496
Website: http://www.strongtie.com/

USP Lumber Connectors
formerly: Kant-Sag and
United Steel Products Company NO LONGER manufacturers Split Rings
Construction Hardware
703 Rogers Drive
Montgomery, MN 56069

Phone: (800) 328-5934 or (507) 364-8762
Website: http://www.uspconnectors.com

Cleveland Timber Connectors
Cleveland Steel Specialty Company
26001 Richmond Road
Bedford Hts., Ohio 44146

Phone: 216-464-9400
Toll Free: 800-251-8351
Fax: 216-464-9404 f
Website: http://www.clevelandsteel.com/

Timber Systems
http://www.timsys.com/html/wood_connectors.html

resistance values, connection details and other general information for bolts, lag screws, wood screws, nails, split ring and shear plate connections?

Where can I find resistance values, connection details and other general information for bolts, lag screws, wood screws, nails, split ring and shear plate connections?

National Design Specification for Wood Construction (Publication #T-01) - Nationally recognized design guide for wood structures. Includes general requirements, design provisions and formulas, and data on structural connections (nails, bolts, screws, split ring and shear plate connectors, and timber rivets).

The NDS Commentary provides background on development of NDS design provisions for bolt, lag screw, wood screw, nail, split ring, shear plate and timber rivet connections.

What is the thermal conductivity of wood and how does it compare to other materials?

What is the thermal conductivity of wood and how does it compare to other materials?

Thermal conductivity is a measure of the rate of heat flow through one unit thickness of a material subjected to a temperature gradient. The thermal conductivity of common structural woods is much less than the conductivity of metals with which wood often is mated in construction. It is about two to four times that of common insulating material. For example, the conductivity of structural softwood lumber at 12% moisture content is in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 Btu×in/(h×ft^2×oF compared with 1,500 for aluminum, 310 for steel, 6 for concrete, 7 for glass, 5 for plaster, and 0.25 for mineral wool.

In Chapter 3 of the USDA Forest Products Lab Wood Handbook , Table 3-11 entitled thermal conductivity of selected hardwoods and softwoods lists thermal properties for various species of wood.

Construction Cost Saver Number 6: Keeping EConstruction Cost Saver Number 6: Keeping Energy Saving Constructnergy Saving Construction Costs Down (T36)

Construction Cost Saver Number 6: Keeping Energy Saving Construction Costs Down (T36)

Provides details of energy-saving house construction utilizing 2x6 wall framing and special roof details to accommodate thicker than normal insulation. 4 pages. Out of print. Published 1974.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Construction Cost Saver Number 5: The All-Weather Wood Foundation (PWF) (T35)

Construction Cost Saver Number 5: The All-Weather Wood Foundation (PWF) (T35)

Covers cost savings associated with the use of a permanent wood foundation (PWF). 4 pages. Out of print. Published 1974.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Construction Cost Saver Number 4: Exterior Wall Framing (T34)

Construction Cost Saver Number 4: Exterior Wall Framing (T34)

Describes the many effective ways wall framing costs can be reduced through pre-planning or the quantity and location of exterior wall framing elements as well as the grade of lumber used. 6 pages. Out of print. Published around 1974.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Construction Cost Saver Number 3: Use of Full Span Capability of Lumber Joists (T33)

Construction Cost Saver Number 3: Use of Full Span Capability of Lumber Joists (T33)

Illustrates the most efficient joist sizes and grade combinations for house depths ranging from 20 to 32 feet. 6 pages. Out of print. Published around 1974.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Construction Cost Saver Number 2: Use of 24', 28', and 32' house depths (T32)

Construction Cost Saver Number 2: Use of 24', 28', and 32' house depths (T32)

Emphasizes cost-benefit features of designing houses and other wood frame buildings on the basis of 4' depth increments. 4 pages. Published around 1974. Out of print.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Construction Cost Saver Number 1: Pre-Planning: Key to Savings

Construction Cost Saver Number 1: Pre-Planning: Key to Savings

Explains the need for pre-planning as the basic consideration for reducing building costs through minimizing waste and unnecessary wood framing. Covers Pre-planning, modular plans, thickness and tolerance variables, exterior walls, doors and windows, modular roof dimensioning, planned use of materials saves money ($). Details included. 4 pages. Published around 1974.

For archival information, contact the Help Desk.

Where do I find more information about wood preservatively treated with Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA)?

Where do I find more information about wood preservatively treated with Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA)?

The Treated Wood Council has developed a fact sheet on CCA-preserved wood.

Where do I find more information about wood preservatively treated with Chromated Copper Arsenic (CCA)?

Where can I find information for nominal 1", 1-1/4", and 1-1/2" stress-rated boards?

The Treated Wood Council has developed a fact sheet on CCA-preserved wood.

Are there deflection limits for cantilevers?

Are there deflection limits for cantilevers?

Building codes may have prescriptive limits.

AF&PA's Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM) for One- and Two-Family Dwellings prescriptively limits cantilevers based on the following conditions, where L is the length of the simple span, center to center of bearing and d is the depth of the joist:

Loadbearing wall, shearwall or non-shearwall <= d
Non-loadbearing, shearwall or non-shearwall <= L/4
Non-loadbearing shearwall <=4d

What is CABO?

What is CABO?

The Council of American Building Officials (CABO) no longer exists. It's functions have been taken over by ICC now that it is an independent organization, separated from the individual old code groups which merged to form ICC.

What is the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)?

What is the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)?

Please go to: http://www.bssconline.org/

Where can I find more information on bowstring trusses?

Where can I find more information on bowstring trusses?

Contact AITC and APA - the Engineered Wood Association for additional assistance. AITC's Timber Construction Manual contains information on bowstring trusses.

What do the column headers for bolt design value tables 11 A-K in the NDS mean?

Where can I find information for nominal 1", 1-1/4", and 1-1/2" stress-rated boards?

* The first, Z||, is for main and side members loaded in the same direction parallel to grain.
The second, Zs⊥, is for a side member loaded perpendicular to grain and the main member loaded parallel to grain.
The third, Zm⊥, is for a main member loaded perpendicular to grain and the side member loaded parallel to grain.
The fourth, Z⊥, is for main and side members loaded perpendicular to grain.

Click on the following to see an illustration of each loading condition:
Parallel to grain in all members, (Z||)
Parallel to grain loading in side, perpendicular in main, (Zm⊥)
Perpendicular to grain in side, parallel to grain in main, (Zs⊥)
Perpendicular to grain loading in all members, (Z⊥)

Where can I find information on flitch beams or composite wood members?

Where can I find information on flitch beams or composite wood members?

McGraw Hill's Wood Engineering and Construction Handbook, 3rd Edition by Faherty and Williamson, contains a design example problem in section 10.3 on Wood-Metal composites. This is available on ICC's website at http://www.iccsafe.com/

Kluwer Academic Publishers' Structural Design in Wood by Stalnaker and Harris, contains several design example problems in Section 13-4 on Wood Beams Reinforced with Metal. ISBN 0-412-10631-0

A publication is available on request as an archival copy through the NAHB Research Center titled, Flitch Plate and Steel I-Beams - Beam Series 5. ISBN 0-86718-141-9. It contains tabulated information on flitch beams up to 20ft spans.

http://www.nahbrc.org/
(301) 249-4000.

None of these publications covers the design of connections for composite beams.

What are the connection requirements for built-up beams?

What are the connection requirements for built-up beams?

There are no specific provisions for connections for built-up beams. WCD#1, Details for Conventional Wood Frame Construction outlines the following general criteria:

Beams and girders are of solid timber or built-up construction in which multiple pieces of nominal 2-inch thick lumber are nailed together with the wide faces vertical. Such pieces are nailed with two rows of 20d nails-one row near the top edge and the other near the bottom edge. Nails in each row are spaced 32 inches apart. End joints of the nailed lumber should occur over the supporting column or pier. End joints in adjacent pieces should be at least 16 inches apart, Figure 15.

Where can I find bar code guidelines?

Where can I find bar code guidelines?

AWC's Bar Coding Guidelines for the Wood Products Industry, II. Industry recommendations for the use of bar code labels for accurate and instantaneous identification of wood products from mill to retail outlet. 40 pages. T68 1994 Revised Edition. Can be obtained using the order form.

Where can I find publications of the American Wood Council?

Where can I find publications of the American Wood Council?

If you would like to order one of our publications by phone and have a credit card ready, call our publications office at 800-890-7732 or 608-232-9354. If you would like to mail in your order, print out a copy of the Order Form (in pdf), complete it, and send it in with a check. Most of our publications can be ordered directly from online shopping cart (click link below) with a credit card.

On-Line Publication Orders (Shopping Cart)
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What is the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)?

What is the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)?

Please go to: http://www.ashrae.org/

What is the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)?

What is the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)?

Please go to: http://www.asce.org/asce.cfm

What is the American Institute of Building Design (AIBD)?

What is the American Institute of Building Design (AIBD)?

Please go to: http://www.aibd.org/

What is the American Institute of Architects (AIA)?

What is the American Institute of Architects (AIA)?

Please go to: http://www.aia.org/about_default

Where can I find additional background information for adhesives used in wood construction?

Where can I find additional background information for adhesives used in wood construction?

McGraw-Hill publishes a Wood Engineering and Construction Handbook, which includes a chapter on Adhesives (Chapter 12). It is authored by Richard Avent, Ph.D., P.E. Contact information:

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Louisiana State University
3505B CEBA
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
USA

Phone: (225) 578-8735
Fax: (225) 578-8652
E-mail: ceaven@eng.lsu.edu
Website: http://appl003.lsu.edu/eng/ceeweb.nsf/$Content/Avent?OpenDocument

ASCE publishes a document called Evaluation, Maintenance and Upgrading of Wood Structures, 1982, which includes a chapter (Chapter 5) on methods of repair and case studies where epoxies were used to repair wood structural members.

American Society of Civil Engineers
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191

Phone: (800) 548-2723
Website: http://www.asce.org

The American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) publishes a document entitled Use of Epoxies in Repair of Structural Glued Laminated Timber (1990). It is available to download free from their website at https://www.aitc-glulam.org/shopcart/details.asp?category=technotes&item=TN-14.

American Institute of Timber Construction
7012 S. Revere Parkway Suite 140
Centennial, CO 80112

Phone: (303) 792-9559
Fax: (303) 792-0669
Email: info@aitc-glulam.org

Where can I find information for nominal 1", 1-1/4", and 1-1/2" stress-rated boards?

Where can I find information for nominal 1", 1-1/4", and 1-1/2" stress-rated boards?

According to the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau's (SPIB) 2002 Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber: Section 265 stress rated boards:
Industrial 55 (IND 55) shall be graded as per No. 1 dimension.
Industrial 45 (IND 45) shall be graded as per No. 2 dimension.
Industrial 26 (IND 26) shall be graded as per No. 3 dimension.

What is the American Wood Council (AWC)?

What is the American Wood Council (AWC)?

AWC is the wood products division of the American Forest & Paper Association. AWC's mission is to increase the use of wood by assuring the broad regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing design tools and guidelines for wood construction, and influencing the development of public policies affecting the use of wood products.

Mailing Address:
AF&PA/AWC
1111 Nineteenth Street, NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20036

Phones
General: (202) 463 2766

Helpdesk: (202) 463 4713

Publications: (800) 890 7732 or (608) 232 9354

Fax: (202) 463 2791

Email: awcinfo@afandpa.org

(AF&PA is the successor organization to the National Forest Prod